Te whakawa (i roto i te tiamana) kei te wātea i konei
Te Swiss te Marae e Hānga ana tata puta he taa'eraa te whakawa (whakaritea mo te tānga i roto i te mana pūrongo) mo te titauraa o te reciprocity ki te faatura ki te whakaaetanga o ke kaihau tikanga
Marjolaine Jakob, te kaituhi o te whakarāpopototanga e whai ake nei, me te te kōrero, ko te he kairangahau i te University o Zurich, i te Tari o te Ture.
I raro i te Swiss i te ao kaihau ture, i te uru o te kaihau kaiwhakahaere ki te kaihau nama o ngā rawa kei roto i te Switzerland titau i te angitu, whakaaetanga o te ke kaihau tikanga mā te mātau Swiss marae.
Te aronga o te ke kaihau tikanga me te pānga o taua āhukahuka (tae atu ki te whakatuwheratanga o te whakahauanga tuarua me kaihautanga mahi i runga i nga rawa kei roto i te Switzerland) e whakaritea e koe. SPILA (Swiss Ture Ao Tūmataiti Ture).
c SPILA te ke kaihau te tikanga e mohio e whakaratohia ana e, i roto i te tahi atu titauraa, reciprocity, ko te homai e te kāwanatanga i roto i i te tikanga i te utu. I roto i te whakatau o te Swiss Federal Supreme Court te kōrero hereinafter, i te whenua ranei Dutch ture karaati reciprocity. Ko te kamupene matua C Ltd, Rotterdam (the Netherlands), whakakōnae te titau i te tarahu-te hanganga moratorium i runga i te kamupene B Ltd, Zug (Switzerland). Ki te mahi i te kerēme mo te wahi tino whaiaro uru i te kaitiaki, me te hoki ki te toe tetahi wahi whakataetaetia. I te whakawa o te August, marae i te rohe o Rotterdam whakatuwheratia peekerapu i runga i te C Ltd. I te whakawa o hui-tanguru, i te cantonal marae o Zug whakaaetia te hanganga whakaaetanga tomo ki roto ki waenganui i B Ltd. I te mahuru, te ke kaihau kaiwhakahaere (He) rēhitatia te tono mo te whakaaetanga o te tati kaihau tikanga o August, ki te cantonal marae o Zug. I te whakawa o oketopa, i te cantonal marae o Zug kāore i manaakitia te tono mo te whakaaetanga o te tati kaihau tikanga e whakaaroaro ana e te titauraa o reciprocity, ko te e kore e hoatu e te tatimana ture.
I muri i te makanga o te tono mā te Kōti Teitei o te Canton Zug, He whakakōnae he tono i roto i te ture te take ki te Swiss Federal Supreme Court, ka tono faataaraa whakakāhoretanga o te whakawa o te Kooti Teitei o te Canton o Zug, whakaaetanga o te tati me kaihautanga te tikanga o August, me te i roto i te putanga o te whakamutunga, i te whakatuwheratanga o te kura tuarua peekerapu i runga i te C Ltd.
's rawa kei roto i te Switzerland. Te Swiss Federal Supreme Court te tuatua ki mua i te take ture, kia rite ki nei i te titauraa o te reciprocity, ko te ki te kia te tikanga i roto i te whānui tikanga. Reciprocity, ko te hoatu ki te ture o te kāwanatanga āwangawanga whakaae i te pānga o te Swiss peekerapu i runga i rite (engari e kore e tika i runga i te ōrite) papa whenua. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, te reira i te tatu, ki te ture ke whakaae te Swiss kaihau tikanga i raro i te tikanga e kore e tino stricter atu te hunga e whakapumautia mā te Swiss ture e pā ana ki ki te aronga o te ke kaihau tikanga. Te whakatau i tua atu e pā ana ki te Pākehā au o whakakorea te tikanga matua o te reciprocity, e kei te kitea ano hoki i roto i te Swiss i te ture. Mai i te mahuru, i te Swiss Mākete Pūtea Supervisory Mana kia mohio i raro i etahi tikanga ke kaihau whakahau, me te me kaihautanga mehua korerotia ki a pareparenga ki waho, kahore he āki i te whakatuwheratanga o te kura tuarua peekerapu i roto i te Switzerland (cf. e rua Swiss Pēke Act), me te ki waho o te kāwanatanga i roto i i te kaihau i te tikanga utu tuku reciprocity (cf. e rua Ture i runga i te Pēke Insolvencies mā te Swiss Mākete Pūtea Supervisory Mana). Ka rite ki te putanga o reira, i te Swiss Federal Supreme Court te whakaae e te pae e kore e kia whakaturia tiketike rawa e pā ana ki te tikanga matua o te reciprocity te wahi i reira te vai tonu.
I roto i te Netherlands, i te whakatuwheratanga o te ao i te peekerapu e kore e taea te ōkawa mohio a kahore he ōkawa, me te whānui i te pānga o te ärai puta.
Ko te kupu, kia rite ki Dutch ture ke kaihau kaiwhakahaere ki te"whakataetae"ki ētahi atu moni, mai to ratou mana ki runga i mau rawa he ki te kia whakaaro.
Heoi, i te ke kaihau kaiwhakahaere, kua te mana o te mahi, me te uruhi mana i runga i tatimana te rohe.
a ka whakaritea He rite kaihau kaiwhakahaere
I tua atu, ko ia taea ki te uru tika te kaihau nama o ngā rawa kei roto i te Netherlands. No reira, i te tatimana international ture kaihau puta ki te kia rite i roto i te kounga ture, ahakoa tū rerekē faufaa i Swiss international kaihau ture. E ai ki te whakatau o te Swiss Federal Supreme Court te, ki te whakaaro, ki te tikanga matua o te reciprocity, te reira e kore te whakatakotoria e te whakaaetanga ōkawa o te ke kaihau tikanga, me te he whānui o te toremi rohe rawa, he manene ki Dutch international kaihau ture. Hei utu, te kounga o te tahi āwhina niwha. Ano, i te Swiss Federal Supreme Court te whakaae e he ke kaihau kaiwhakahaere, ko te kore e i roto i te kino tūranga engari hai i roto i te maha ngā take ara i roto i te tūranga pai i roto i te Netherlands whakaritea ki te tūranga o te ke kaihau kaiwhakahaere i roto i te Switzerland. I roto i te putanga o reira, i te Swiss Federal Supreme Court te mutunga e tatimana ture karaati reciprocity kia rite ki te toi. c SPILA, me te whakaratohia e te toe hiahiatanga kei te rite te tatimana kaihau tikanga e mōhiotia ana. Kua reira ki te kia pōwhiritia e te Swiss Federal Supreme Court te kua riro he ohaoha tikanga e hāngai ana i runga i te ao hou te matauranga o te hehema i roto i te ao, me kaihautanga te ture, me te rawa i roto i te Swiss i te ao pēke me kaihautanga ture. Ko te mua te take ture o te Swiss Federal Supreme Court i te āhua i te tino fakangatangata tikanga o te toi. et seq SPILA tohe i runga i te paruru tikanga o te Swiss te ao me kaihautanga ture. Te tapaea e whakatau te homai e te mana'o e te Swiss Federal Supreme Court te mutunga whakaaro international ngā, me te - ara nui - ngā i roto i te Swiss i te ture. Heoi, e hano tatau, me te whakatūahu e Swiss international pēke me kaihautanga te ture i roto i te tawhiti atu ohaoha atu i te ture Swiss te ao me kaihautanga ture te muri hāngai te nui noa atu pinepine. Tenei te kore pai te ture āhuatanga ko te hua o te uncoordinated tukanga o te whakahöu i, me te ohi i te Swiss i te ture.
Te tūmanako, te Swiss Federal Supreme Court te ka te haere tonu ki te whai ao, ngā, me te tango i te ohaoha ake te whakatata hoki i runga i ētahi atu take o te Swiss te ao me kaihautanga ture, hei tauira, ki te whakaaro, ki te mana o te kaihau i te kaiwhakahaere i roto i te Switzerland.
